Animation means making elements move or change over time.

In web development, animation can:

• Move objects
• Change colors
• Fade elements in/out
• Resize elements
• Rotate items

With JavaScript, we can control animation step-by-step.

Ways to Create Animation in JavaScript

There are 3 main ways:

1️⃣ Using setInterval()

2️⃣ Using setTimeout()

3️⃣ Using requestAnimationFrame() (Best & Modern Way)

Basic Example: Moving a Box

Let’s animate a square box moving from left to right.

Step 1: Create HTML

<div id="box"></div>
<button onclick="startAnimation()">Start Animation</button>

Step 2: Add CSS (For Style)

<style>
  #box {
    width: 50px;
    height: 50px;
    background-color: blue;
    position: relative;
  }
</style>

Important:

position: relative; allows the box to move using left.

Method 1: Using setInterval()

setInterval() runs code repeatedly every X milliseconds.

Example

function startAnimation() {
  const box = document.getElementById("box");
  let position = 0;

  const interval = setInterval(function () {
    position += 2;
    box.style.left = position + "px";

    if (position >= 300) {
      clearInterval(interval);
    }
  }, 10);
}

How This Works:

• Every 10 milliseconds, position increases by 2.
• The box moves right.
• When it reaches 300px, animation stops.

Method 2: Using setTimeout()

setTimeout() runs code once after a delay.

We can call it repeatedly to create animation.

function startAnimation() {
  const box = document.getElementById("box");
  let position = 0;

  function move() {
    if (position < 300) {
      position += 2;
      box.style.left = position + "px";
      setTimeout(move, 10);
    }
  }

  move();
}

This works similarly to setInterval().

Method 3: requestAnimationFrame()

This is the modern and best way.

Why?

• Smoother animation
• Optimized by browser
• Better performance

function startAnimation() {
  const box = document.getElementById("box");
  let position = 0;

  function animate() {
    if (position < 300) {
      position += 2;
      box.style.left = position + "px";
      requestAnimationFrame(animate);
    }
  }

  animate();
}

Why requestAnimationFrame Is Better

✔ Smoother

✔ Matches screen refresh rate

✔ Saves CPU power

✔ Automatically pauses in background tabs

Changing Other Properties

You can animate:

1️⃣ Opacity (Fade In)

let opacity = 0;
box.style.opacity = opacity;

Increase gradually to 1.

2️⃣ Size

box.style.width = "100px";
box.style.height = "100px";

3️⃣ Rotation

box.style.transform = "rotate(45deg)";

Important Concept: Frames

Animation works by:

1. Updating a value
2. Redrawing the screen
3. Repeating many times per second

This creates the illusion of movement.

Most screens refresh at 60 frames per second (FPS).